Insulin gene transcription and translation, as well as the enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (insulinotropic effects), are caused by GLP- 1 receptor activation in the beta cell
Most peptides still require injection for effective delivery
It comes in two FDA-approved forms, both weekly injections: Mounjaro: type 2 diabetes (2.5 to 15 mg) Zepbound: obesity (2.5 to 15 mg) and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity (approved December 2024) No oral tirzepatide exists as of April 2026
Key findings from clinical trials include: Reductions in waist circumference, an indirect marker of abdominal fat Improvements in metabolic markers associated with visceral adiposity (HbA1c, lipid profiles, liver enzymes) Decreased hepatic fat content in patients with fatty liver disease It is important to understand that GLP-1 medications do not 'burn' fat through thermogenesis or direct lipolysis
Up to -22.5% weight loss over 72 weeks
Since the glucose-lowering effects of GIP have been shown to be impaired in patients with T2D, interest has focused on developing antidiabetic therapies based upon the actions of GLP-1 and GIP, the response to which remains intact