Key Points Native human GLP-1 normalizes hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the short in vivo half-life of this hormone limits its therapeutic application A number of synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists, with half-lives between 23 h and several days, have been developed for the long-term treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus Short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as exenatide and lixisenatide) predominantly lower postprandial glucose levels and insulin concentrations via retardation of gastric emptying Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide long-acting release and liraglutide) predominantly lower blood glucose levels through stimulation of insulin secretion and reduction of glucagon levels Adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, injection-site reactions, antibody formation and increased heart rate This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access 176,64 per year only 14,72 per issue Buy this article Purchase on SpringerLink Instant access to the full article PDF

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For example, efpeglenatide, a long-acting GLP-1 RA and an exendin analog linked to an IgG4 Fc fragment, has been explored for once-monthly administration to treat type 2 diabetes
She struggled with everyday activities, such as going to work and says she felt like she was in a suit. Alisa said: Before the diagnosis I thought I just had thicker legs and cellulite
doi: 10.1681/ASN.2017020222 207
Women also experienced lower hospitalization rates for alcohol or drug abuse, bariatric surgery and certain pancreatic disorders relative to female non-usersreductions that were relatively greater than those observed in men, the report said