Beyond the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, the brainstem nucleus of NTS plays a significant role in mediating the metabolic effects of PYY(336)
Updated March 2026
R.DeMartinoA
Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (grant numbers JP23K24259 and 23K22364 to MK, 21H03806 to TO) and a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (grant number 21K15719 to YYA) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Because its delivered via injection, the body can utilize the nutrient efficiently
53 Since the majority of cells express ERs, estrogen actions influence almost all tissues and are responsible for: a) homeostatic regulation, b) cell proliferation and apoptosis, c) liver protein expression, d) lipid metabolism, e) energy balance, f) glucose metabolism, g) immune and cardiovascular alterations, h) gonadotrophin feedback and gametogenesis, i) brain-neuronal development/memory processing and repair/neurodegeneration, j) bone growth, etc., 7,15,53,60 including estrogens positive (agonist) or negative (antagonist) actions on skin, especially in women