Both crystallography studies and structural models suggest that IgG binds to FcRn in an upside-down orientation, such that the Fab arms face down towards the membrane in which FcRn is embedded [34, 61]
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Figure 2 provides an integrated overview of ASTs effects on pathological processes relevant to neurodegenerative diseases, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction, which are particularly relevant in AD and PD pathology
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Other models use a co-culture of astrocytes, pericytes, neural stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived BBB endothelial cells to improve BBB integrity [116]
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