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10.1006/nimg.2001.1018 125 PfefferbaumA.SullivanE
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Jain et al., 1999
In contrast, chromatography paired with alternative detectors such as diode array, UV-visible spectroscopy was employed primarily for targeted detection of AAS, SARMs, and hormone modulators ( Finally, bioassay- and immunoassay-based methods (e.g., ELISA, LFIA, yeast androgen assays) were the least reported ( n = 2) but provide functional insights into the biological activity of adulterants, which purely chemical analyses may overlook ( Although the majority of studies included in this review focused on traditional categories of supplements such as pre-workouts, herbal weight-loss, and steroid-based products, recent evidence highlights an emerging category of nootropic or brain doping supplements that may also contain WADA-prohibited substances (91)
Basal glycolysis and glycolytic capacity can be calculated by subtraction of ECAR values obtained after glucose and oligomycin injections from basal ECAR levels respectively
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a biomarker of oxidative stress in diabetic CVD which is produced from lipid peroxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids that promoted atherosclerotic plaque buildup in diabetic mice (82)
