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Simultaneously, iron ions within rMMNs polarized TAMs to M1 states, enhancing IL-6/IL-12 secretion and recruiting CTLs

Nature 476, 346350

Additionally, neuronal noradrenaline (NA) and angiotensin II act on 2-adrenergic receptors (2A) for NA and AT1 for angiotensin II on pericytes

Elimination of these fat-soluble compounds is dependent on adequate levels of glutathione

Additionally, epithelial trauma promotes the release of IFN, which increases the expression of CXCL10, favoring the migration of circulating lymphocytes.65 Immunological changesInnate immunity Evidence for the participation of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of vitiligo is very consistent, with the latter being considered the link between oxidative stress and the adaptive immune response.66 First, dendritic cells, macrophages, and NK (natural killer) cells are found in the lesional and perilesional skin of patients with vitiligo, characterizing an activation of the innate immune response.67 Activated NK cells (CD56+ / granzyme B+) and IFN-producing cells have been identified in the blood and non-lesional skin of patients with vitiligo.68 Moreover, there is an increase in proinflammatory cytokines, characteristic of innate immunity, in both serum and skin of patients with vitiligo, such as IL1, IL1, IL6, IL8, IL12, IL15, and TNF.69 These elements indicate a global activation of the body innate immunity, transcending the affected areas

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