We did not elucidate the specific GLP-1R interactions made by N-terminally modified exendin-4 analogs responsible for their marked differences in signaling and trafficking
glutathione :
In summary, GLP-1R is not merely a metabolic receptor but a central signaling hub with extensive crosstalk across cAMP/PKA, PI3K/Akt, ERK, AMPK, Wnt/-catenin, and NF-B pathways, orchestrating multi-organ protection in metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases
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2.6 Microbial bioinformatics analysis Microbial bioinformatics analysis was performed as previously described ( 2.7 Preparation of serum samples for mass spectrometry analysis Serum samples were thawed on ice, and 100 L of each sample was mixed with 300 L of precooled methanol and acetonitrile (2:1, v/v)
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