Boden et al
Some high risk groups for vitamin B12 deficiency include: elderly people- often stomach acid production decreases with age individuals who have had intestinal surgery such as weight loss surgery or laparoscopies individuals with GI issues including celiac disease, IBD, IBS (MOST OF YOU!!!) those following a vegetarian or vegan diet- due to the lack of animal protein eaten (one of the main sources of B12) individuals with pernicious anemia- do not make intrinsic factor Notice how a fair amount of the high risk individuals are those with some sort of intestinal issue

Describing herself as largely 'the lab rat' when she joined the diabetes team, Knudsen remembers she spent 'the first year in a cold room with three technicians to screen hundreds of thousands of compounds to see if they could wedge into the GLP-1 receptor and other targets of interest just snugly enough to stimulate insulin secretion.' To help speed up the screening process, Knudsen devised a method to test 96 candidates in one go instead of just one
When patients are prescribed the medication, MOBO providers educate the patient how to self-inject the medication or how to have a friend inject the medication for you
The retail pharmacies segment led the market with a 60% share in 2025 because they offer wide accessibility and convenience for patients seeking prescriptions and ongoing therapy refills
Its abundant when were young, which helps explain why our skin heals so quickly and stays firm