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The latter two are often elevated with B12 deficiency (MMA is especially predictive) while emerging evidence suggests that holotranscobalamin better reflects your B12 status than serum levels, says Miller, since it measures how much of the nutrient is actually being delivered to the tissues of your body
Cell and animal studies have identified plausible mechanisms and potentially useful biological effects
Unlike many nutrients, B12 is produced exclusively by bacteria and obtained primarily through animal-based foods including meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products
With intramuscular injections of B12, any excess will result in high levels within your blood so you may experience side effects such as headache, dizziness, tiredness, or gastrointestinal issues including nausea, until your body has metabolised any excess through your kidneys enroute to excretion via urine
Measuring 24-hour urinary magnesium excretion after an intravenous magnesium load may be used if kidney and GI function are normal