Oral formulations of GLP-1 agonists exist but show reduced efficacy compared to injectable versions
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It upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), stimulates angiogenesis to improve blood supply to damaged tissue, and enhances collagen synthesis at injury sites
2+ , generating a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton reaction and inducing a lipid peroxidation chain reaction (Lv et al., 2025)
The crystals can also be broken down in the body (see 7a below, re: Rasburicase, and 7b below, re: pegylated uricase)
It is often used for more widespread or systemic recovery needs