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JeonPLimongiRFordSDBrancoCMackinleyMGuptaMet al
The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a newer class of oral drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Front Cell Dev Biol (2021) 9:722412
This distinction affects their roles: The primary neurotransmitter in the central nervous system is glutamate while glutamine serves as an essential nitrogen source for protein synthesis and other metabolic pathways
Particularly in tumor cells with active glycolysis, accumulated lactate stabilizes and increases the activity of proglycolytic transcription factors such as HIF-1 and c-Myc, as well as the expression of their downstream target genes, via lactylation, thereby forming a self-reinforcing positive feedback loop that further entrenches the glycolytic phenotype of tumors [78, 79]
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