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What a COA (Certificate of Analysis) Should Include Identity Confirmation Mass spectrometry confirming the 9,111 Da molecular weight (70 amino acids total with the N-terminal extension) Amino acid sequence verification matching the LR3 modification (Arg at position 3, MFPAMPLSSLFVN extension) Purity Testing HPLC purity look for 98%+ purity The chromatogram should show a single dominant peak with minimal truncated-sequence or oxidized impurities Contamination Testing Endotoxin levels (critical this is injected intramuscular or subcutaneous) Residual solvent analysis Heavy metals screening Protein-Specific Tests (rare but ideal) Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy confirming secondary structure Bioactivity assay on MCF-7 or similar IGF-1-responsive cell line Most vendors skip the last category

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Anti-hyperlipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the Zucker fatty rat

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The full list of the composing genera across the treatment groups can be found in Additional file 2, whereas the 10 most abundant genera (Fig