The peptide has to penetrate the outer skin barrier (stratum corneum), which limits how much active compound reaches the deeper dermal layers where collagen and elastin are produced
To protect the cells and organ systems against ROS, humans have evolved a highly sophisticated and complex internal and external antioxidant protection system
In neurons, Grx has a protective effect on redox-sensitive enzymes and ion channels, meaning that its dysfunction is implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders involving protein misfolding and redox signaling dysregulation (Ogata et al., 2021)
NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries recommend B12 injections for: Pernicious anaemia an autoimmune condition affecting intrinsic factor production Malabsorption syndromes including coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease Post-surgical states particularly following gastrectomy or ileal resection Strict vegan diets when oral supplementation proves inadequate, though oral cyanocobalamin is usually sufficient for dietary deficiency Clinical trials demonstrate that B12 injections rapidly improve haematological parameters and neurological symptoms when deficiency is confirmed through blood tests
Nature 445 , 661665 (2007)
Please remember that scrubbing brushes, like Clarisonic, are exfoliating, and that is too much to do for at least 3-4 days after this laser, if not a week