Several factors can impair B12 absorption: Reduced stomach acid production (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria), common in older adults and those taking proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists long-term, impairs the release of B12 from food proteins Pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition destroying parietal cells and reducing intrinsic factor production, completely blocks the primary absorption pathway Gastrointestinal disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or surgical removal of stomach or ileum sections directly damage absorption sites Metformin , commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, may reduce B12 absorption through unclear mechanisms
A comprehensive food list for semaglutide users takes the guesswork out of meal planning during treatment
This window allows your GLP-1 receptor signaling to normalize and your body to readjust to baseline hunger and satiety signals
Liver biopsy for assessment of chronic liver diseases: a synopsis
No doctor can prescribe it
By encouraging healthy tissue remodeling, it may help promote smoother texture and improved elasticity over time