AOD-9604 is not believed to have significant direct effects on digestion
As of 2026, the paper has not been formally retracted, but the Expression of Concern remains in force
Atherosclerosis progression, as a chronic inflammatory mechanism, is characterized by immune system dysregulation associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), and IL-1, as well as pattern recognition receptor proteins like CRP (170, 261267)
Its also important to distinguish between what has been observed in research, what has been reported by patients, and what is simply repeated online without reliable evidence
Kumar et al
Patients typically report feeling more energized and mentally clear within a few days to a week after treatment