Cells were washed with 0.12 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and treated with 1% osmium tetroxide (EMS) and 1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (Sigma) dissolved in 0.12 M phosphate buffer
GHK-Cu at equivalent dosing cannot rescue cells below the critical telomere length threshold that triggers irreversible growth arrest (Hayflick limit), because the primary block is structural (insufficient telomeric DNA) rather than oxidative
GLP-1s are known to reduce both fat and muscle mass and discontinuation typically results in weight regainprimarily as fat massresulting in a less healthy body composition compared to treatment initiation
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Genetic variants within or near the GLP1R gene associated with BMI or HbA1c at genome-wide significance were used for primary analyses