Common causes include dietary deficiency (eg, vegan or vegetarian diet, low intake of meat or dairy products), use of proton-pump inhibitors or H2 blockers, and poor B12 absorption due to age-related changes in the stomach (eg, atrophic gastritis)
Glycemic mechanism and insulin sparing sensitization not secretion: fasting insulin and C-peptide fall while insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-%S) rises +31.8/+43.2/+49.9% (SURPASS J-mono, Hamamoto 2025)
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As awareness of vitamin deficiencies, energy support and overall wellbeing continues to grow, more clients are seeking professional Vitamin B12 treatments to complement their lifestyle and wellness goals