What "long-term" means in context It's important to recognize that while current data extends to two to three years, GLP-1 medications for obesity are relatively new, and we're still learning about effects beyond this timeframe
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Injection Day 1 served as both the acute test and the first time point in the repeated-treatment timeline allowing evaluation of acute effects without requiring a separate acute-only experiment, minimizing animal use while preserving statistical power
As the native GLP-1 has a short half-life, GLP-1 analogues have been produced to prolong effects and many of them could cross blood-brain barriers (BBB) such as Liraglutide (LG), lixisenatide, and exendin-4
1b) 3,12
Administration of liraglutide, in the absence of glucose challenge, modestly decreased glucose levels in WT mice but had no effect on SKO mice glucose levels