The affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for ACE2 receptors makes the virus prone to cause vascular infection that could explain atherosclerosis progression and arterial and venous thrombosis (Vinciguerra et al., 2020
It is important to note that, mTOR can directly suppress the activity of Atg13 through inhibitory phosphorylation on Ser-258, thereby preventing association and activation of the ULK1 complex (Jain et al., 2013
however, HCVHIV co-infection increases oxidative stress more potently than HIV mono-infection 124,125
In addition, free amino acids are moderately effective INPs
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In East Africa, SSG remains a primary treatment, though resistance has been reported, prompting the use of SSG-paromomycin combinations