Fungal cells penetrate the BBB either through transcytosis across endothelial cells lining cerebral vessels or via a Trojan horse mechanism involving carriage within phagocytes, ultimately leading to life-threatening meningoencephalitis (Kronstad et al., 2011)

cognitive deficit and the reduction in cholinergic markers.22 Other anti-aging ingredients with good research supporting their potential to improve brain health include: Choline A large cohort study from 2025 that followed more than 125,000 participants for more than a decade found U-shaped associations between choline intake and Alzheimer's, indicating a sweet spot where intake may have helped stave off the disease (specifically, intake levels between 332mg/day and 354mg/day).23 Another cohort study from 2022 that followed more than 3,000 participants for over 16 years found that higher levels of dietary choline were associated with a lower risk of Alzheimers.24 Ginseng There is promising in vitro and animal evidence that ginseng can ameliorate the development or progression of Alzheimers.25 Other animal studies into ginsengs constituent parts have shown potential for several to reduce inflammation, upregulate autophagy, and target proteins associated with Alzheimer's.26 Research in humans shows that ginseng may improve memory in patients with Alzheimers or other forms of neurological decline, but more human studies and trials are needed.27 Mushrooms Studies have positively correlated mushroom intake with improvements in memory and cognition, and extracts of various mushrooms have been studied for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative disease.28 One of the most compelling of these is Lions Mane

Refrigeration between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius substantially slows this reaction
Great studies on restoring the structure and function of cell walls
Final Thoughts GLP-1 medications can be life-changing for patients struggling with weight, metabolic health, or sleep apnea
By understanding these processes, new therapeutic strategies could focus on using EVs to reprogram macrophages into the M1 phenotype, potentially leading to anti-tumor outcomes