DPP-4 is an integral membrane protein which has a widespread distribution, being expressed in numerous tissues including intestinal and renal brush border membranes, vascular endothelium, the liver and pancreas, glandular epithelial cells, and by cells of the immune system (where it is also known as the T-cell differentiation antigen, CD26)
Regulation of intestinal inflammation by soybean and soy-derived compounds
Higher doses improve efficacy but increase side effects, particularly gastrointestinal issues like nausea and vomiting
Taylor SI, Blau JE, Rother KI (2015) SGLT2 inhibitors may predispose to ketoacidosis
Other interactions can increase side effects or make them more severe
After five half-lives, less than three percent remains in your system, which pharmacologists consider complete elimination