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ChaC1 and ChaC2 use the -amine of L-glutamyl residues to cleave the amide bond by transamination, releasing it as a cyclic 5-oxo-l-proline and cysteine glycine dipeptide
Recent evidence also demonstrates the dual role of nicotine, which primarily promotes hepatocarcinogenesis through activation of multiple oncogenic signaling cascades, including 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (7-nAChR)/JAK2/STAT3, CYP1A1/PI3K/Akt signaling mediated by NF-B and AP-1, SETDB1/CDK6-mediated STAT1 stabilization, GCF2-driven Wnt/-catenin/SOX2 signaling, and the 2-adrenergic receptor (2-AR)/PI3K/Akt pathway [35,36,37]
It aids in the metabolism of fatty acids and energy production in the body
Further studies are needed to understand its long-term effects
Therefore, LA may be used as a liver-protective substance in hepatic fatty accumulation caused by MCD, but it needs to be used with caution
