On one hand, the cardiovascular protection afforded by SGLT2is seems to result from their beneficial hemodynamic effects, including improvement in ventricular preload (secondary to natriuresis and osmotic diuresis) and afterload (through blood pressure reduction), but also from improvement of cardiac metabolism (through the switch from utilization of glucose to ketones), inhibition of the myocardial Na + /H + exchanger, reduction of cardiac fibrosis and necrosis, reduction of proinflammatory adipokines derived from epicardial and perivascular fat, and stimulation of erythropoiesis (which can facilitate the release of oxygen to ischemic tissues) [1, 4, 14,15,16]
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The FDA has asked Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly to remove warnings about suicidal behavior and ideation from their GLP-1 products, an adjustment the agency says will help harmonize the messaging across the drugs in this class
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Conventional treatments, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and biologics, often provide incomplete relief and cause significant side effects, creating an urgent need for safer, more effective interventions
Best for larger doses and higher concentrations