The specific antisense sequences were 5-GGCUCCUACACUUCUGUUATT-3 for FoxO4 siRNA and 5-UAACAGAAGUGUAGGAGCCTT-3 for the negative control
This includes DNA damage that is leading to mutations and strand breaks, lipid peroxidation of cell membranes (disruption of fluidity and integrity), and denaturation of critical functional proteins, which collectively drive the cell towards apoptosis and contribute to the irreversible loss of beta-cell mass [86]
TUNEL staining of renal tissues Mouse kidney biopsy paraffin sections were deparaffinized with xylene and ethanol to ablate peroxidase activity and stained with a TUNEL kit (A113, Vazyme, China) following the protocol of the product instructions
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This process also contributes to the removal of damaged organelles, such as mitochondria and ER, and misfolded or aggregate-prone proteins (Mizushima, 2011)