The hormone erythropoietin, which promotes the development of red blood cells, is produced less when the kidneys are failing
Storing and administering a peptide nasal spray is easy and convenient, and there is ample evidence to support the effectiveness of intranasal administration of peptides
While long-term, high-dose use of these may eventually support levels, it is often considered an inefficient route
For IM injections, some protocols start with low doses of 200 mg weekly and gradually increase up to a maximum of 800-1000 mg weekly
PNMT is a cytosolic enzyme that is present in many tissues throughout the body, with particularly high concentration in the adrenal medulla, adrenergic neurons in the amygdala and retina and the left atrium of the heart (Haavik et al., 2008)
While daily use is possible, most protocols recommend 3-5 times weekly to reduce potential tolerance development