A scoping review of tissue-healing studies found Thymosin Beta-4 research spans bone, tendon, ligament, ischemia, burn, and cardiac muscle models, with angiogenesis and cell-migration outcomes as the dominant mechanistic findings (MDPI Scoping Review 2026)
Indications: FDA : Topical anesthesia of the upper respiratory tract (due to its combined vasoconstrictor & local anesthetic properties) Off Label : Use in Emergency Department as one ingredient in a topical anesthetic solution called TAC (containing: Tetracaine, Adrenaline & Cocaine) that is applied to a wound prior to cleaning & suturing Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to ester anesthetics Side Effects: Acute signs of systemic toxicity include can include multiple signs of both CV & CNS stimulation: tachycardia hypertension hyperthermia mydriasis seizures cardiac arrhythmias (multiple contributing variables: Na & K channel block, possible coronary vasoconstriction) Acute effects associated with cocaine abuse
Bioactive Forms: All co-factors are in their bioactive form: riboflavin-5-phosphate (B2), thiamine pyrophosphate (B1), and organic zinc bisglycinate
However, caution should be taken when extrapolating these results to the clinic
NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy: a vicious culprit in COVID-19 pathogenesis
Metformin is associated with low levels of vitamin B12 with no effect on other vitamin levels