[1], [2], [3], [4] A 2021 retrospective study conducted at the Institute for Hormonal Balance in Orlando, Florida, that evaluated the use of BPC 157, alone or in combination with thymosin-beta-4 (TB4), indicates in its methodology that no human clinical trials evaluating the use of BPC 157 to help with knee pain have been published (see Table 1)
Compounds used in sclerotherapy procedures include detergents, osmotic agents (hypertonic saline), or chemical irritants (chromated glycerin) (Wittens 2015)
In preclinical models, it has been observed to modulate cellular mechanisms that influence healing processes, particularly in muscle, skin, and connective tissue
Independent replication by unaffiliated laboratories is limited
Water for injections
alcohol flattens it, lowers testosterone, raises cortisol, and blunts muscle protein synthesis by a quarter to a third