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One study found copper-peptide complexes decreased inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) produced by dermal fibroblasts

Assay: GSH/GSSG in plant stalk tissue

In another study, it was noted that Zn application reduced the Cd contents in root, stem, and leaf except for grains and substantially reduced the Cd-induced toxicity in wheat plants (Zhou et al., 2020)

doi: 10.1007/s11357-024-01092-5

Optimal Dosage for Results: The 650mg formulation provides clinically effective amounts for visible skin brightening within 8-12 weeks of use

Taken together, the evidence supports using racemic ALA which is why it forms the basis of our top recommendation