As supply began to normalize, FDA resolved the tirzepatide shortage in December 2024 and the semaglutide shortage in February 2025, and provided phased enforcement grace periods for compounders to wind down operations
Medical Conditions, Surgeries, and Medications Lack of intrinsic factor (a protein made in the stomach thats needed for B12 absorption) - this condition is called pernicious anemia Thyroid disease HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes, where the immune system in the body attacks its own tissues Gastric bypass surgery (weight loss surgery) Chronic gastritis surgery Certain medications like heartburn drugs (proton pump inhibitors) which reduce stomach acid production Who Is At Risk of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Moreover, liraglutide appears to diminish nicotine-induced dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens 107
This gets less and less so as we drink too often or too much
Modification of the nanoparticle surface of a drug delivery system with a brain targeting agent has been proven to be an effective and valid approach to turn a drug delivery system to a brain targeting drug delivery system
Prevents protein misfolding and aggregation