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7,77 Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a common complication in which one or more of the following occur due to the loss of proper regulation by the kidneys: Abnormal bone mineralization, strength, growth, and turnover Calcification of non-bone tissues, including blood vessels Irregularities in vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, fibroblast growth factor-23, and parathyroid hormone metabolism Each of these abnormalities is associated with a high risk of mortality, primarily attributable to the cardiovascular consequences
FOXO4-DRI at 25 mM concentration selectively induced p53 nuclear exclusion and apoptosis in the senescent Leydig cells, confirmed by Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assays and immunofluorescent staining of Ser15-phospho-p53 foci
Summary: High vitamin B12 levels rarely cause direct symptoms
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BMJ Open 9, e024343
Results vary significantly between individuals during this phase
