Those most at risk include vegans and vegetarians, people with digestive conditions such as Crohn's disease, coeliac disease or IBS, those taking long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors, older adults whose ability to absorb B12 through the gut declines naturally with age, those with pernicious anaemia, and anyone with a history of chronic alcohol use
Yes, vitamin B12 injections can help with fatigue, especially if your tiredness is linked to a B12 deficiency
The methylated product 1-MNA has been studied for its own signaling effects, though this thread is less central to the adipose research
This is because stomach acid is needed to release vitamin B12 bound to proteins in food
Age-related changes in gastric function can reduce food-bound B12 absorption whilst synthetic supplement absorption remains adequate
Low B12 is associated with depression, irritability, brain fog, and memory difficulty