This analysis calculated the enrichment scores for 16 immune cells and 13 immune signaling pathways
Clinical studies examining GHK-Cu applications for androgenetic alopecia have documented improvements in hair count, hair diameter, and overall scalp coverage
24,25 The oral form is much less costly and is thus preferred over intravenous acetylcysteine in patients who can tolerate oral intake
Radiation therapy and chemotherapy treatments can also cause hair loss
However, anecdotal reports from online forums cited in a 2025 systematic review included anxiety and panic attacks, depression and anhedonia, insomnia, heart palpitations, fatigue and weakness, and loss of appetite
The current data do not establish direct causal links, and further studies employing pathway-specific inhibition or genetic approaches will be required to clarify the precise molecular mechanisms involved