The bacteria that make vitamin B12 are active after the ileum, so the B12 cant be absorbed and used by the body
Its absorption is dose-responsive and subject to saturation (Tucker et al., 1981
Lipid overload has been suggested to cause the loss or downregulation of autophagy, leading to fat accumulation, mitochondrial disorders, inflammation, and decreased pancreatic -cell quality, all of which may eventually lead to IR and T2DM 30
Side effects for both medications are similar and include GI symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation
** The result depends on individual metabolism What's the variation within a milligram (mg), microgram (mcg), and an International Unit (IU)
It regulates the expression of tight junction proteins, which close the gaps between intestinal cells to prevent the leakage of toxic substances into the bloodstream and subsequent systemic inflammation