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The activation of M2 M is synchronized with the tilt of immune response to Th2, which is detrimental to the elimination of protozoa ( Plasmodium burden ( For helminths, the immunomodulatory strategies share many similarities with protozoa yet present quite diversities ( Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri ( Hpb ) and its products are found to affect the metabolism and effector functions of eosinophils, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), Ms and neutrophils, which play important roles in the early type 2 immune response against helminth infection ( Strongyloides venezuelensis ( Sv ) are protected from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis ( Nb ) infection for at least 3 months, and this protective effect may be related to the induction of long-term trained immunity programs in eosinophils and ILC2 ( Ascaris infections in mice, and this protective effect against helminth infections is mainly dependent on Th2 cells ( Fasciola hepatica total extract (FHTE) exhibit enhanced anti-inflammatory trained immunity that is mediated by histone methylation, suppressing effector Th1 and Th17 responses ( in vivo or in vitro to be more anti-inflammatory, thereby protecting mice from the induction of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases ( Taken together, parasites apply several tactics to subvert the early fatal Th1 response, inducing an environment characterized by a state of immunosuppression or a moderate Th2-biased immune response in hosts

It involves several overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling
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doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.023
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