Injections may be sufficient for maintenance or targeted support, while IV therapy is often chosen for more comprehensive antioxidant or detox focused goals
Not having enough intrinsic factor, a stomach protein needed for B12 absorption
Vitamin B12, Fact Sheet for Health Professionals, National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements Common questions about hydroxocobalamin, NHS (National Health Service), Hunt A, Harrington D, Robinson S
We recommend following up these patients closely to develop better recommendations for management based on long-term outcome data for example by cardiovascular screening every 25 years and assessments of quality of life by questionnaires

Exogenous AAS inhibit endogenous testosterone production, and discontinuation of their use is often associated with a prolonged decrease in testosterone secretion ( The substances used in PCT are administered in the treatment of male hypogonadism unrelated to androgen abuse ( To restore endogenous testosterone, mainly aromatase inhibitors (AIs), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are used ( In the 2024 WADA Prohibited List ( Aromatase is an enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol (the most potent estrogen form) and androstenedione to estrone ( The anti-estrogenic compounds mentioned in the WADA list can be divided into two groups: SERMs (bazedoxifene, clomiphene, cyclofenil, ospemifene, raloxifene, tamoxifen, and toremifene) and selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), of which fulvestrant is a representative
10.2147/ndt.S241497 127 SatoM.KusumiR.HamashimaS.KobayashiS.SasakiS.KomiyamaY.et al (2018)