For GSIS, islets were equilibrated for 1 h in KRB buffer (ESM Table 5) with 2.8 mmol/l glucose
For the baseline-subtracted concentrations, the individual baseline values were subtracted for each animal before calculating the mean value for the group
The LEADER trial for liraglutide 1.8 mg demonstrated cardiovascular benefits in high-risk populations with type 2 diabetes
In STZ-treatment rats, Exendin-4 improved learning and memory performance, protected hippocampal neurons against degeneration, and reversed STZ-induced tau hyperphosphorylation through downregulation of GSK-3 activity (154, 155, 182)
Animal research also highlights substantial abnormalities in pancreatic function during TD, evidenced by a reduction in stored pancreatic protein and digestive enzyme content, contrasted by an abnormally large enzyme secretion (94)
Furthermore, factors such as surface charge, hydrophobicity, and the presence of functional groups on nanomaterials can significantly impact their biocompatibility and interaction with ocular tissues