As illustrated in Figure 2, these kinases phosphorylate the plasma membrane transporters, shifting them into a state that halts inward reuptake and initiates reverse transport (efflux) mode (Underhill et al., 2020)
Exclusion criteria included (a) clinical studies that had menopause hormone therapy as a treatment, (b) case reports, (c) in vitro studies or (d) animal studies, and (e) duplicate articles or off-topic articles
Interestingly, optimized deliveries of spermidine and other (poly)amines could potentially be achieved through the use of advanced nanomaterials acting as smart carriers 72 , such as with efforts to deliver spermidine using silica-based nanoporous pods as an anticancer agent 73 , and with examples of agro-based approaches including the smart delivery of putrescine using carbon quantum dots against salt stress 74 and heavy metal stress 75 in grapevine plants
Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: current updates and prospective
10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148518 Brain Res
Oxidized glutathione is the used form , created after glutathione neutralizes oxidative stress