GLP-1 is produced by specialised enteroendocrine cells called L-cells, which are located predominantly in the distal small intestine (ileum) and colon
In fact, clinical trial data show GLP-1-treated groups had slightly lower rates of depressive symptoms compared to controls in landmark trials like the STEP studies
This is not surprising given that these assays not only measure the native hormone but also their metabolites due to cross reactivities of their antibodies 13,70
As we grow older, the production of copper peptides naturally declines, which is why some skincare companies and incorporating them into topical formulations
-Glu-Cys -glutamylcystein
Four alternative mechanisms might be used to explain how LC reduced TMX-induced brain injury: (1) LC directly removed ROS, suppressed brain cell lipid peroxidation, protected the cell membrane from oxidative stress, and maintained normal cell structure and functions