It is a synthetic version of the hormone exendin-4, which is found in the saliva of the Gila monster, a venomous lizard native to the southwestern United States
Tranexamic and kojic acid work together to reduce hyperpigmentation, and niacinamide strengthens the skin barrier, board-certified dermatologist Mina Amin, MD, previously told Vogue
It catalyzes the reduction of glutathione from the oxidized form of GS-SG, and all other enzymes of the glutathione system use it: 2 NADP + GS-SG 2 NADP + 2 GSH The reduction of oxidized glutathione is carried out with the participation of NADP + reduction systems on the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose-6-phosphate oxidation ("Embden-Meyerhoff shunt"): NADP + + G-6-P NADP + + + 6 phosphogluconate Glutathione transferase catalyzes the reaction: RX + GSH = HX + GS-SG Some forms of glutathione transferases, like glutathione peroxidases, are capable of reducing lipid hydroperoxides to hydroxy acids (LOH) [12]
sometimes combined with mesotherapy or chemical peels for pigmentation goals
(4) Alzahrani TF, Alotaibi SM, Alzahrani AA, Alzahrani AF, Alturki LE, Alshammari MM, Alharbi RA, Alanazi SI, Alshammari WZ, Algarni AS
M.Caoet al